Circuit protector

ABSTRACT

A magnetically operated circuit protector utilizing magnetizable reed contacts, primarily reed switches; in combination with a network of coil windings which results in positive trip and reset action; arc suppression; local and remote trip indication; overcurrent and overvoltage protection; operable in alternating and direct current systems; remote turn on and turn off; trip time of 50 to 100 microseconds; miniature size; and especially suitable for protecting sensitive electronic systems and instruments.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to magnetic circuit protecting devices, and more particularly to reed switch apparatuses that include means to actuate and latch reed switches in response to a predetermined fault condition.

A reed switch is usually composed of two magnetizable and conductive flat metal reeds cantilevered inwardly toward each other from glass to metal bonds at the ends of a surrounding tubular glass capsule. The leads also extend axially outward from the bonds of the capsule as conductive leads. The capsule forms an airtight seal around the reeds. The flat reeds are cantilevered so that the flat surfaces on their interior ends face each other, but are separated by a gap.

Such a reed switch is actuated by an axial magnetic field which can be applied by a magnet or other means. This magnetizes the reeds enough so their interior ends are attracted and moved toward each other until contact is made. This type of switch is known as a Form-A reed switch.

Also available is a Form-C reed switch which utilizes three reed elements and performs a single-pole, double-throw switching function. The more common of these has a short non-magnetizable reed and also a short magnetizable reed sealed at one end of the glass capsule. A longer magnetizable reed, sealed in the opposite end has its flattened portion positioned between both reeds with on side resting against the face of the non-magnetizable reed, effecting a normally closed contact.

Therefore, whenever the reed switch changes from a normal status to an operated status, the longer, more flexible reed, breaks contact with the non-magnetizable reed makes contact with the magnetizable reed by moving laterally from the former to the latter reed.

Other versiosn of the Form-C reed switch wherein all reed elements are magnetizable, are also applicable to this invention. The mode of operation of one of these is disclosed in the specification of U.S. Pat. No. 3,229,063, issued on Dec. 11, 1963, to M. J. Sakatos.

The invention encompasses all types of reed switches in the versions to be depicted.

A characteristic of most Form-C reed switches which had probably precluded prior consideration for circuit protector use, is the tendency of the movable contact to hesitate, or hang-up, between the normally closed and normally open contacts at some level of flux when exposed to a slowly increasing magnetic field. Additional flux is required for the read to continue its travel to the opposite contact.

Prior to the invention, any attempt to utilize the normally closed contacts of a Form-C reed switch to interrupt the load current in response to the flux generated by a series connected sensing coil surrounding the switch would prove highly unsuccessful because as the magnetic field reached the critical level, it would suddenly collapse as the transfer reed contact, series connected to the coil, began to open The final result would likely be contact failure due to arcing as the movable reed "buzzed" open and closed.

Another characteristic of all reed switches is that after the reeds have been attracted to one another, a reduced magnetic field is sufficient to hold them in the actuated, or latched, position because the poles formed at the reed ends are now very close and exhibit a stronger attractive force than when they are apart. The field must be reduced to a significantly lower value before the switch drops out, i.e., before the magnetic attraction between the interior reed ends is insufficient to overcome the stress forces that drive the reeds to their rest position.

This characteristic makes it possible to provide a magnetic field, between the pull-in value and the drop-out value, in the form of a permanent magnet, or coil winding, which will latch the switch in the state of conduction into which it was last actuated. The advantage of this will become self evident as the invention is disclosed.

At present, the only alternative to fuses for overcurrent protection of electronic equipment has been the magnetic circuit breaker, but its effectiveness has been questionable. One of the major limitations is the slow reaction time between sensing and the subsequent response to the fault. The prime cause of this is that circuit breakers generally comprise a plurality of electrical and mechanical parts, such as hinges, springs, linkages, etc., all of which are called on to function to accelerate contact opening and then latch the contacts in the open position.

Those skilled in the art appreciate that the mass and inertia of the mechanisms introduce significant delay in operating time. It will also be apprciated that the increased friction due to wear of the actuating mechanism can lead to increased delays as well as instability.

The invention to be disclosed accomplishes this purpose in a novel manner without resorting to auxiliary mechanisms.

THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to magnetic circuit protective devices, and more particularly to a new and improved circuit protector which combines small size with high efficiency and extremely fast operating time. An operate time of approximately fifty microseconds can be achieved, which is some two thousand times faster than the minimal one hundred millisecond magnetic circuit breaker. This fast response capability, even at low overloads, makes it much more suitable for protecting sensitive electronic instruments and equipment.

Accordingly, it is a general object of this invention to provide a new and improved magnetic circuit protector which overcomes the limitations of prior art devices.

It is another object of this invention to provide a new and improved magnetic circuit protector which can utilize a magnetic reed switch as the central operating mechanism to achieve a fault response time which which is only a fraction of that for prior art protection devices, and operate reliably for millions of operations.

It is still another object of this invention to provide an electromagnetic coil around or in proximity to the reed switch capsule to effect its operation in response to the sensing of a predetermined level of current through the coil.

It is a further object of this invention to provide one or more electromagnetic coils and permanent magnets to latch the reed switch in the operated position.

It is an additional object of this invention to provide one or more permanent magnets to enhance or vary the operating characteristics of the circuit protector.

It is a further object of this invention to utilize Form-A and Form-C magnetic reed switches, and an electromagnetic coil windings, interconnected so as to enable the reed contacts to be maintained in either the energized or deenergized state.

It is a still further object of this invention to provide a means of resetting the circuit protector remotely or by a provision incorporated into the apparatus.

It is an additional object of this invention to provide a visual means of detecting that the circuit protector has been actuated.

It is still another object of this invention to provide a new and improved circuit protector, miniature in size and capable of operating in microseconds; especially suitable for installation in printed circuit boards to protect sensitive electronic equipment and instruments.

It is yet another object of this invention to provide terminations to which a capacitor can be connected to provide a controlled delay in the operating time of the circuit protector.

It is a further object of this invention to utilize more the one reed switch for the purpose of modifying the operating characteristics of the circuit protector.

It is a still further object of this invention to provide a means by which the circuit protector trip point can be altered prior to, or after, installation.

It is another object of this invention to provide a circuit protector which can be used in both alternating and direct current systems.

It is still another object of this invention to provide a circuit protector which will provide overvoltage protection.

It is another further object of this invention to provide a single circuit protector which can protect against both overcurrent and overvoltage conditions.

It is yet another object of this invention to provide a circuit protector which is "Trip-free", i.e., cannot be reset if the original fault still exists.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a circuit protector which can be mounted on a panel or inserted into printed circuit boards with other electronic components.

It is a still further object of this invention to provide a circuit protector which can be set and reset from a remote location by a pulse signal emanating from a process controller or other device.

These and other objects and features of the present invention may be more readily understood when the following detailed description of fourteen embodiments thereof is read with reference to the drawing in which:

FIG.1 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the invention, comprising a coil and a Form-C reed switch.

FIG.2 illustrates in a schematic manner, the magnetic circuit protector shown in FIG. 1, explaining the method of operation thereof.

FIG.3 shows a variation to make the embodiment shown in FIGS.1 and 2 operable in alternating current systems.

FIG.4 illustrates a variant to trip or reset the circuit protector from a remote point.

FIG.5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one method of positioning a latching magnet.

FIG.6 is a schematic illustration explaining the operating mode of the variant shown in FIG.5.

FIG.7 is a schematic illustration of a variant wherein the Form-C reed switch has been replaced by two Form-A reed switches.

FIG.8 is a schematic variant of the invention to increase its power handling capability.

FIG.9 is a variant of FIG.2, illustrating the use of a latch magnet instead of a holding coil to retain the circuit protector in the tripped position.

FIG.10 is a schematic illustration of a variant to interrupt the load current when an overvoltage condition is detected, and then reset automatically.

FIG.11 is a variation of the invention comprising: local and remote reset, trip indication, and operating capability in both alternating and direct current systems.

FIG.12 is a schematic of a variant wherein a magnetizable core is used to magnetize the reed elements.

FIG.13 is a variant wherein an advance warning signal is given to indicate that an overload condition is approaching the trip point of the circuit protector.

FIG.14 illustrates an embodiment of a magnetic assembly to adjust the trip point of the circuit protector.

Referring now to the drawing, and more particularly to FIG.1, there is shown one illustrative emboidment of a circuit protector utilizing a Form-C reed switch constructed in accordance with the present invention.

The reed switch may contain mercury, be gas filled, pressurized, evacuated, or unsealed, in the manner well known in the art.

In said FIG.1 a magnetically responsive Form-C reed switch 1 projects through the hollow inner portion of a plastic flanged bobbin B that supports a magnetic field forming coil C surrounding switch 1. Said coil C is composed of a dual winding. However, it may also be composed of any number of windings. An insulating flat rectangular base FB to which bobbin C is secured and supported. Terminals 9 pass through and are secured to base FB with adhesive A. A magnetizable shield S secured to the top of bobbin B; in addition to improving coil efficiency, prevents the magnetic field from coil C affecting, or being affected by other items of equipment in a system within which the circuit protector is a part. A cover, not shown, may be used to enclose the apparatus.

FIG.2 illustrates the embodiment of FIG.1 in schematic form, connected as part of an electrical system. In this illustration, winding 4, which has a low electrical resistance, has one lead connected to one side of the power supply and the other lead connected to both the normally closed reed 7 and one lead of winding 3. The other lead of winding 3 is connected to the load to be protected and also to common reed 5. The normally open reed 6 is connected to the opposite polarity of the power supply through the normally closed contacts of reset switch 2.

As the current flow trhough winding 4 reaches or exceeds a predetermined level, the magnetic field surrounding reed switch 1 becomes strong enough to actuate it. As the free end of flexible reed 5 begins to separate from reed 7 it interrupts the load current flowing from reed 7 to reed 5. Since winding 3 is connected across reeds 5 and 7, the load current is shifted through said winding, which has many turns and a high electrical resistance.

This technique serves a dual function; the presence of the winding across the reed contacts during the period of initial opening acts to suppress arcing which could produce voltage spikes harmful to associated electronic components; while at the same time the strong magnetic field generated by said winding aids that of winding 4, causing the free end of reed 5 to be forcefully attracted to reed 6. Since reed 6 is connected to the negative side of the power supply, full voltage is impressed across the windings to latch reed switch 1 in the actuated state, while simultaneously grounding the load.

The circuit protector can be reset locally or remotely by actuating reset switch 2.

A time delay feature can be provided by connecting a capacitor across winding 4. Said delay will be a function of the capacitor value.

FIG.3 is a schematic illustration depicting a variation of the invention concept shown in FIG.2 to enable it to be used in both alternating and direct current applications. The principle of operation does not vary from that of FIG.2. The modification consists of a diode 8 inserted between one side of winding 3 and reed 5, and connecting a capacitor 9 in parallel with winding 3.

Referring again to FIG.2, it has been shown that when the circuit protector has been tripped, said condition continues because reed switch 1 is latched in the operated state by the field generated by winding 3. However, said field would go through reversals and varying intensity if alternating voltage was impressed directly across winding 3. Connecting diode 8 and capacitor 9 as shown converts the alternating current to direct current in a manner well known in the art.

FIG.4 is a schematic variation of FIG.2 wherein additional windings 10 and 11 have been added around reed switch 1. This modification enables the circuit protector to interrupt power to the load in response to a signal from one or more devices such as process controllers.

FIG.5 illustrates a version wherein a permanent magnet has been added to the illustration shown in FIG.1. Said magnet can function to adjust the trip point of the circuit protector or latch the reed switch in the actuated position after tripping. A permanent magnet positioned adjacent to the reed switch can also perform this function.

FIG.6 is a schematic illustration of FIG. 5 wherein the function of magnet 16 is to latch reed switch 12 after being activated by the magnetic aiding field developed by winding 18 which has received a voltage pulse. Normally open reeds 13 and 15 of reed switch 12 are now closed and current begins to flow to the load from said contacts and series connected winding 17, wound to develop an opposing field. A third winding 19, also wound to develop an opposing flux field, is used as an alternative method of allowing the reeds to drop out, thus disconnecting power to the load. A further method of achieving switch drop-out without resorting to a third winding, is to apply a momentary overload with a resistor or other component to winding 17. Reed 14 is an auxiliary contact suitable for grounding the load input circuit or for actuating a remote indication of the state of the circuit protector.

This version offers both circuit protection and load switching capability in response to electrical pulses from a remote source, such as a process controller.

FIG.7 is a schematic illustration of a version which is identical to FIG.2 except two Form-A switches, 20 and 21 have been substituted for a Form-C switch. The reeds, 22 and 23 of switch 20 are actuated and held in a closed position by bias magnet 24. Winding 25 creates a magnetic field which opposes that of said bias magnet, and at a predetermined current level the net field will be sufficiently reduced to permit reeds 22 and 23 to reopen. This will interrupt the load current and increase the magnetic field by energizing winding 26; thereupon closing reeds 27 and 28 of switch 21 which maintains the current flow through windings 25 and 26 since reed 28 is connected to the negative side of the power supply through reset switch 29. Resetting and other features are the same as FIG.2.

FIG.8 is a schematic illustration of a version that uses two Form-A reed switches 30 and 31, with individual coils 32 and 33 encircling each. Switch 30 is a low ampere-turn unit and is quite sensitive to the magnetic field developed by coil 32. Switch 31 is a higher ampere turn switch, and thus can have special operating characteristics, one of which can be higher power switching capability. Switch 31 is adjacent to latch magnet 34 and reset assembly 42 consisting of magnet 35, spring 36, housing 37, and pushbutton 38. The circuit protector is activated and power to the load initiated by pushing reset button 38, which moves field aiding magnet 35 closer to latch magnet 34. The combined magnetic field closes reed contacts 39 and 40 of adjacent switch 31, permitting current to flow from the power source through series connected winding 32 and said switch reeds, to the load from reed 40.

At a predetermined level of current through winding 32, reeds 41 and 42 of reed switch 30 will close, initiating the flow of current to winding 33 through reed 41, connected to the negative or neutral side of the power supply. The field of said winding opposes that of latch magnet 34, allowing reed contacts 39 and 40 to open and interrupt the load.

This version also lends itself to being turned on and off by a remotely generated input signal applied to additional coil windings (not shown) to aid or buck the adjacent latch magnet field.

FIG.9 illustrates another version of the invention that utilizes a Form-C reed switch 43, and a latching magnet 44, to retain the switch in the actuated position after the circuit protector has been tripped. Operation is similar to that illustrated in FIG.2, wherein current to the load is connected through current sensing coil winding 45, and closed contacts 46 and 47. When the preset level of current flows through winding 45, the field causes reed 46 to be attracted to reed 48. As reed 46 leaves reed 47, the opening contacts force the current to redirect its path through winding 49, charging capacitor 50. The network of capacitor 50 and winding 49 suppresses the inductive voltage spikes and provides a short pulse of magnetic aiding field to accelerate switch 43 into the latching state. Latching magnet 44 holds the reeds in this state until reset by assembly 42 as described in FIG.8.

FIG.10 is a schematic illustration of the invention which is designed to sense and respond to an overvoltage condition. When the voltage impressed across the network of coil 50 and zener diode 51, reaches or exceeds a predetermined level, established mainly by the operating characteristics of said diode, the current through coil 50 magnetizes reed switch 52, interrupting the load current which has been flowing through closed reeds 53 and 54. Reed 53 is now making contact with reed 55, which can be used to operate a remote device. When the over-voltage condition is no longer present, current flow through coil 50 ceases, and the circuit protector automatically resets itself.

Using techniques well known in the art, the circuit protector invention can be modified to operate in both alternating and direct current systems. One method would be to use two or more zener diodes connected back-to-back. Other non-linear resistive components or networks may be used in place of the zener diodes.

FIG.11 illustrates the embodiment of both current sensing, and voltage sensing; local and remote reset; in a schematically connected manner as part of an electrical system. In this illustration, the detailed functions of which having been previously described are the following; coil winding 56 series connected with closed reeds 57 and 58, between the power source and the load, is preset to activate reed switch 60 if an overcurrent situation develops. Coil winding 61, in series with back-to-back zener diodes 62, will detect and respond to overvoltage conditions by developing a magnetic field which also will activate reed switch 60. Latching magnet 63 will hold the switch in the tripped position until reset locally by reset magnet assembly 64, or by momentarily energizing winding 65 with a voltag pulse. In the tripped position, Reed 59, connected to the power source through series connected winding 56, can be used to actuate an indicating device.

This version of the invention will function in both alternating, and direct current systems.

FIG.12 is a schematic illustration of the invention demonstrating the embodiment of a magnetizable core 66 encircled by windings 67 and 68. Functionally, this version performs identically to the one illustrated in FIG.2. The sole difference between the two structures is that in said FIG.2 the windings encircle the magnetizable reeds to create magnetic poles, while in FIG.12 said windings encircle a magnetizable core to create the magnetic poles which, in turn, magnetize the reeds of switch 69.

It is therefore apparent that although FIGS.1 through 11 illustrate coil windings encircling the reed switches, said reed switches can be magnetized by a magnetizable core as illustrated in FIG.12; or by other means well known to the art.

FIG.13 illustrates another version of the invention in a schematically connected manner as part of an electrical system. In this embodiment, which is similar to FIG.2, except that a Form-A switch 70 has been added. The function of said switch is to send a signal to a network as an advance warning that the circuit protector is approaching its trip point.

In this version, current sensing winding 71 encircles both reed switches, 70 and 72. Switch 70 is more sensitive than switch 72, and its operate level is preset below that required to operate switch 72. Accordingly, as the current through winding 71 increases due to a malfunction in the load circuit, the magnetic field generated by said winding will reach a level at which reeds 73 and 74 will close, but reeds 75 and 76 will not have opened. The circuit network can act on the advance warning received from closed reeds 73 and 74, including the ability to reopen said reeds after conditions have normalized, by pulsing winding 77. Reset assembly 78 will restore all reeds to their normal state.

FIG.14 illustrates an embodiment of a magnetic assembly which can be utilized as an integral part of any of the foregoing versions of the invention.

The function of said assembly is to enable the trip point of the circuit protector to be varied after it has been fabricated. The adjustment can be made in the factory or fine tuned by the user after the circuit protector is installed in the electrical system. The trip point is varied by turning screw 79 in threaded end of housing 80 to advance or retract magnet 81, which is in contact with spring 82, thus aiding or bucking the flux generated by the sensing coil. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A circuit protector comprising: a first terminal for connecting said protector to a power source; a second terminal for connecting said protector to a load; a magnetic Form-C reed switch having two fixed elements and one moveable element for contacting either of said fixed elements; two electromagnetic coil windings connected in series, one of said coils coupled for initiating the switching of said reed siwtch on the occurrence of an overcurrent condition, said one of said windings being connected across said first terminal and a first of said fixed elements; said moveable contact of said reed switch being connected to said second terminal; and the other of said coil windings being connected to said moveable contact of said reed switch and to said first fixed element for completing the switching of and retaining said reed switch in its switched state.
 2. The protector of claim 1 further including control means coupled to said elements for generating electrical signals to switch said elements.
 3. The protector of claim 1 wherein said coils produce different magnetic fields.
 4. The protector of claim 1 further including a third terminal connected to the other of said fixed elements for shunting said load to ground or providing a signal indicative of the status of said protector.
 5. A magnetically operated circuit protector comprising an input terminal and an output terminal; a Form-C reed switch having a moveable contact and two fixed contacts, one of said fixed contacts being normally closed; a first electromagnetic coil connected across said normally closed fixed contact and said input terminal; a second electromagnetic coil connected in series with said first coil across said normally closed fixed contact and said moveable contact and to said output terminal, said first coil initiating the switching of said contacts and said second coil completing said switching and maintaining said contacts in the switched state.
 6. The protector of claim 5 wherein the other of said fixed contacts is coupled to a third terminal for connecting said protector to ground or to an indicator.
 7. The protector of claim 5 further including a capacitor connected in series with said second winding to limit the duration of current flow in second winding.
 8. The protector of claim 5 further including a third electromagnetic coil winding encircling said switch; voltage breakdown means connected in series with said third winding for inhibiting the flow of current in said third winding until the voltage across said breakdown means exceeds predetermined limits.
 9. A circuit protector comprising an input terminal and an output terminal, a reed switch having at least two elements, a first coil connected across said input terminal and one of said elements; a second coil connected in series with said first across two of said elements and to said output terminal; and magnetic bias means located in proximity to said switch for maintaining said elements a closed position until the occurrence of a predetermined condition.
 10. The protector of claim 9 wherein said magnetic bias means includes an adjustable magnet mounted in proximity to said switch.
 11. The protector of claim 10 wherein said magnetic bias means includes a housing mounted in proximity to said elements, spring bias means mounted in said housing, a magnet mounted in said housing connected to said spring bias means, and manually moveable means connected to said magnet for adjustably locating said magnet in said housing against the bias of said spring bias means.
 12. The device of claim 9 wherein said coils encircle said reed switch.
 13. The device of claim 9 wherein said coils include a magnetizing core with said electromagnetic coils encircling said core, said core and said coils mounted in proximity to said reed switch.
 14. A circuit protector comprising: a first terminal for connecting said protector to a power source; a second terminal for connecting said protector to a load; a magnetic Form-C reed switch having two fixed elements and one moveable element for contacting either of said fixed elements; one of said fixed elements being normally closed; two electromagnetic coil windings; one of said coil windings generating a trigger flux for actuating said reed switch on the occurrence of an overcurrent condition, said one of said coil windings being connected across said first terminal and said normally closed fixed element; said moveable contact of said reed switch being connected to said second terminal; and the other of said coil windings generating a holding flux and being connected to said moveable contact of said reed switch and to said normally closed fixed element for retaining said reed switch in its switched state, said trigger flux aiding said holding flux.
 15. The protector of claim 14 further including third terminal means coupled to the other of said fixed elements for connecting said protector to other points.
 16. A circuit protector comprising: first and second terminals for connecting said protector to a supply of power; a third terminal for connecting said protector to a load; a reed switch having at least two magnetizable elements; one of said elements being connected to said first terminal and the other of said elements being connected to said third terminal; an electromagnetic coil winding encircling said reed switch and connected across said first terminal and said second terminal; and voltage breakdown means connected in series between said coil winding and said second terminal for inhibiting current flow in said winding until the voltage at said first and second terminal exceeds a predetermined limit.
 17. A magnetically operated circuit protector comprising: first and second input terminal for connecting said protector to a power supply and an output terminal for connecting said protector to a load; first and second Form-A reed switches each having two magnetizable elements; first and second connected electromagnetic coil windings respectively encircling said first and second reed switches; said second terminal being connected to said coil windings; said first terminal being connected to one of the elements of said first reed switch; said third terminal being connected to one of the elements of said second reed switch; said first coil winding connected to the other of said magnetizable elements of said second reed switch and said second coil winding being connected to the other of said magnetizable elements of said first reed switch; adjustable magnetic means mounted in proximity to said second reed switch for biasing said second switch to closed position; whereby closing of said first reed switch causes said second switch to open disconnecting said third terminal from said first and second terminals.
 18. The circuit protector of claim 1, 13 or 14 wherein said means to retain said elements in the switched state includes a capacitor connected in series with one of said coil windings for limiting the duration of current flow through said winding and magnetic bias means mounted in proximity to said switch for retaining said elements in the switched state.
 19. The protector of claim 1, 5 or 9 further including rectifying means coupled to said second coil to enable the protector to be used with alternating current signals.
 20. The circuit protector of claims 1, 5 or 14 wherein said Form-C reed switch includes first and second Form-A reed switch means connected to each other, said first Form-A switch means biased in a closed position, whereby opening said first switch means controls the closing of said second switch means on the occurrence of a predetermined condition. 